I agree your frustration. Some 80+years ago, bridge nabobs(Ely, Charles) speculated opening bid, game, slam, partial, penalty double. Has this been checked with the massive computing power now available? Should be decades already done! Agree helene_t, GIB gets most comparisons (eg. 1N: 12-14 OR 15-17) accurate to 1::1000+. That's "what's in the cards". The challenge is how close to "what's in the cards" one's bidding system gets.