What I'm seeing in this thread is that I should be expecting p to remove this X with poor hands way less frequently than I thought when I dbled. Jdonn: I would have expected partner to pull for example with qxxxxxx and out, so while yes that's obviously a hand type he can hold, I didn't fail to dbl based on it. Same, honestly with Mike's example 5053 4/5-count, on the theory that holding that hand, only I really know about my lack of defense and double fit, where partner has only partial info and should be expecting fewer spades and something more defensive (than zero defense) on average. Based on partner not bidding 4D to help out the cause, I'd be expecting a shape more like 5035, and Qxxxx / void / Kxx / Axxxx makes more sense for a 4S bid than a random 4-count with that shape. What this fails to do is thinking hard about hands the opps can hold, but I think some are consistent enough, e.g., x / KQJxx / x / KQJxxx and xxx/Axxx/QJxxx/x Maybe both are a little more balanced since rho dbled instead of 2n but you get the idea.(and these seem like pretty much the nuts, I think they can hold worse cards/shape)