I find this kind of quite hard. When thinking about it, I would like to distinguish two cases: case (1) partner has the !SA case (2) partner does not have !SA in case (1) when p has !SA i expect to make most of the time (maybe 80%), but I think p will have the !SA just about 30% of the time. In the other 70%, case (2), I expect it to be harder to make as we have to build 3 tricks in the minors. Maybe i will be successful about 25% of the time when we miss the !SA So, the total chance of success i estimate 30% x 80% + 70% x 25%, which is just above 40%, indicating that we should pass. All the probabilities above I estimated from intuition. The question is how accurate they are. We can check it by simulation. Simulating, I gave south 16-18 hcp, at least six hearts and no side suit of four or longer; the results. - p is 55% likely to have !SA - when p has the ace, we are about 60% likely to make - without the !SA we make around 40% of the time - our total chance to make 4 is slightly above 50%, so we should bid Important takeaways: - the initial probabilities i came up with from intuition are very wrong - i figured p is less likely to have the spade ace because the opps have more spades than p, so they are more likely to hold that card. seems that i didnt consider enough the strength partner showed. - i overestimated my chances in the happy case (with the spade ace) - i underestimated my chances when we don't have the spade ace - it seems better to bid, but the decision is very close.