I misspoke in my previous post. When vulnerable at IMPs, we should bid game directly with any 9-count (and no major interest). The invite is better at matchpoints or non-vul at IMPs with 4333 or 4432, and at matchpoints even with 5332. The assumptions are that opener accepts with any 16 or 17 count (as you have noted, conservative acceptance fares worse), and RHO does not have a hand suitable for action over 1N. I have attached below the detailed analysis for 4432 shapes. Can share the analysis for the other shapes if needed. Analysis for 4432 9-counts: Bidding 3N vs Inviting -------------------------------------------------- The only hands that matter are when opener has a 15-count. On all others, you will be in game either way. (There is a slight benefit of concealing opener's point range when responder bids 3N directly; hard to quantify.) In a simulation of 10,000 hands, when responder had a 9-count 4432, opener had 4364 times. Of these, the hands made 9 or more tricks 1475 times, 8 tricks 1733 times, 7 tricks 839 times, and 6 or fewer 317 times. At BAM or match-ponits, you gain when the hands make 9 tricks, lose in the other three, for a net loss of 1414 points in BAM, or 0.14 pts per deal. Vulnerable at IMPs, you gain 10 IMPs when making 9+ tricks, but lose 6 IMPs when making 8 tricks and 3 when making fewer than 8, for a net gain of 884 IMPs, or 0.09 IMPs per deal. Non-vul at IMPs, the gain for making game is 6 IMPs, and the losses are 5 IMPs when making 8 tricks and 2 IMPs when making fewer, for a net loss of 2127 IMPs, or 2.1 IMPs per deal.