Sorry, don't have specifics. It was a conversation in general about doubles which, over the past several years have become more and more artificial or takeout-oriented, and that the trend seems to be moving back. I don't know if their observations were accurate, but they seemed to believe it. I don't have the contacts any more to try to validate their statements, nor will it affect what pard and I have decided to make takeout or penalty. I was just sharing what they shared. Game theory would suggest that changing tendencies is optimal. ;) Game Theory in Bridge I agree with you as far as in theory. But as you know game theory has a flaw. It cant handle the unpredictable... So my conclusion is: Optimal strategy is knowing your opponents tendencies, but keeping unpredictable yourself.